Singapore is a multi-religious country. Among its many faiths, Buddhism is the most practiced. According to government surveys, about one-third of Singaporeans identify as Buddhists. But Buddhism is not just one tradition. There are different branches. The two main types found in Singapore are Theravada and Mahayana.
So, is Singapore more Mahayana or Theravada? The answer is not simple. Both forms are active and respected. This article will explain each tradition, how they arrived in Singapore, and how they are practiced today.
What Is Theravada Buddhism?
Theravada means “Teaching of the Elders.” It is considered the oldest form of Buddhism. It follows the original teachings of the Buddha as recorded in the Pali Canon. This tradition focuses on individual enlightenment through meditation, ethical living, and wisdom.
Theravada Buddhism is practiced in countries like Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos. In Singapore, it came with immigrants from these places, especially Sri Lanka and Thailand. Many temples in Singapore follow the Theravada tradition.
Key Beliefs of Theravada Buddhism
- Focus on the original words of the Buddha
- Emphasis on meditation and personal practice
- Belief in attaining Nirvana through one’s own efforts
- Highly respected monastic community (Sangha)
Theravada temples in Singapore often teach meditation and offer retreats. The monks live simple lives and are well respected by followers.
What Is Mahayana Buddhism?
Mahayana means “Great Vehicle.” It developed later than Theravada and is more widespread in East Asia. It includes traditions such as Zen, Pure Land, and Nichiren. Mahayana Buddhism teaches that enlightenment is possible for everyone, not just monks or nuns.
This form of Buddhism encourages compassion, the Bodhisattva path, and helping others achieve enlightenment. Mahayana practices include chanting, prayer, and studying sutras.
Key Beliefs of Mahayana Buddhism
- Path of the Bodhisattva—enlightenment for the sake of others
- Faith in universal Buddha nature
- Emphasis on compassion and wisdom
- Use of rituals, chants, and devotional practices
Mahayana Buddhism came to Singapore mainly through Chinese immigrants. Most Chinese temples follow this tradition. Some well-known sects in Singapore include Pure Land and Zen.
Is Singapore Mahayana or Theravada?
Singapore has both Mahayana and Theravada communities. However, Mahayana Buddhism is more dominant in terms of numbers. This is mainly due to the Chinese population, which forms the majority ethnic group in Singapore. Many Chinese temples are Mahayana, and so are most lay followers.
Still, Theravada Buddhism has a strong presence. Sri Lankan, Thai, and Burmese temples are active, and they offer teachings and meditation classes. People from all backgrounds, not just Thais or Sri Lankans, attend these temples. Many Singaporeans who are not from Theravada countries still practice it because they prefer its meditation style.
In short, Mahayana is more common, but Theravada is also popular and respected.
Theravada in Singapore: History and Influence
Theravada Buddhism started in Singapore in the early 20th century. It was brought by monks and laypeople from Sri Lanka and Thailand. One of the oldest Theravada temples in Singapore is the Sri Lankaramaya Buddhist Temple. It was established in 1949 and still serves the community today.
Other temples like Wat Ananda Metyarama and Poh Ern Shih Temple also promote Theravada teachings. These temples are known for their calm atmospheres, meditation sessions, and Pali chanting.
Modern Day Impact
Today, many Singaporeans, regardless of ethnicity, attend Theravada teachings. Meditation retreats are especially popular. Temples often invite foreign monks to lead Dhamma talks and mindfulness sessions. The younger generation is also showing interest in mindfulness and insight meditation, which are core practices in Theravada.
Mahayana in Singapore: Deep Roots and Growth
Mahayana Buddhism arrived in Singapore through Chinese immigrants during the 19th century. They brought their spiritual practices with them. The earliest temples were built by Chinese communities who followed Pure Land and Zen teachings.
Famous Mahayana temples in Singapore include Kong Meng San Phor Kark See Monastery and Bright Hill Temple. These temples are large, well-organized, and hold regular ceremonies. They celebrate Buddhist festivals such as Vesak Day and the Ullambana Festival with grand events.
Mahayana Practice in Daily Life
Mahayana Buddhists often chant sutras, make offerings to Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, and join prayer sessions. Devotion to figures like Avalokiteshvara (Guanyin) is common. Many followers visit temples to seek blessings and guidance.
Temples also provide education, charity, and community services. This approach makes Mahayana Buddhism deeply connected to daily life in Singapore.
Mixed Practice and Harmony
In Singapore, it is not unusual for people to attend both Mahayana and Theravada temples. Many Buddhists are open to learning from both paths. This mixed practice reflects Singapore’s diverse and tolerant society.
Some temples even offer teachings from both traditions. Lay people often attend Mahayana temples for festivals and Theravada temples for meditation. There is mutual respect between the traditions.
Inter-Buddhist Events
Singapore also hosts events that bring all Buddhists together. The Singapore Buddhist Federation is one such organization that unites the various temples. They promote Dhamma education, unity, and outreach programs. Events like public Vesak celebrations see participation from all traditions.
Comparing Theravada and Mahayana
Similarities
- Both follow the teachings of the Buddha
- Both emphasize ethical conduct, meditation, and wisdom
- Both have monks, nuns, and lay communities
Differences
- Theravada focuses on individual enlightenment; Mahayana on helping others
- Theravada uses the Pali Canon; Mahayana has additional sutras
- Theravada rituals are simpler; Mahayana rituals are more elaborate
These differences are not barriers but part of the rich diversity of Buddhism. In Singapore, both traditions grow side by side, offering choices for different spiritual needs.
Conclusion
So, is Singapore Mahayana or Theravada? The answer is: both. While Mahayana is more common due to the Chinese population, Theravada Buddhism is also strong and growing. The coexistence of both traditions makes Singapore unique.
This peaceful coexistence shows how Buddhism can adapt and thrive in different cultures. Whether one chooses Mahayana or Theravada, the goal is the same—liberation from suffering and the awakening of wisdom and compassion.
Singapore’s Buddhist community is a good example of harmony in diversity. This environment allows people to explore and follow the path that suits them best.
