Buddhism is one of the oldest religions in the world. Over time, it split into different schools. The two major branches are Mahayana Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism. Both share the same foundation but have differences in beliefs and practices. Despite these differences, they also have many similarities that are important to understand.
Basic Teachings Shared by Mahayana and Theravada
The Core of Buddha’s Teachings
Both Mahayana and Theravada follow the teachings of the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama. They believe in the Four Noble Truths:
- The truth of suffering (dukkha)
- The cause of suffering (samudaya)
- The end of suffering (nirodha)
- The path leading to the end of suffering (magga)
This path is known as the Noble Eightfold Path. Both traditions teach this path as the way to achieve enlightenment or Nirvana.
The Importance of the Three Jewels
Mahayana and Theravada Buddhists both take refuge in the Three Jewels:
- The Buddha – the enlightened teacher
- The Dharma – the teachings of the Buddha
- The Sangha – the community of monks and practitioners
This act of taking refuge is a key step in becoming a Buddhist in both traditions.
Similar Philosophical Concepts
Understanding Impermanence and No-Self
Both branches emphasize impermanence (anicca) — the idea that everything changes and nothing lasts forever. They also teach anatta, or no-self, meaning there is no permanent, unchanging soul or self. These teachings help followers let go of attachment and suffering.
Karma and Rebirth
Theravada and Mahayana both believe in karma, which means that actions have consequences. Good actions bring positive results, and bad actions bring suffering. Both schools also accept the idea of rebirth, where beings continue to be born in different forms until they reach enlightenment.
Similar Practices in Both Traditions
Meditation and Mindfulness
Meditation is central to both Mahayana and Theravada. They practice mindfulness and concentration to develop wisdom and calm the mind. Although specific meditation techniques may vary, the goal is the same: to reach a deep understanding of reality and reduce suffering.
Moral Conduct and Precepts
Both traditions emphasize ethical living. Lay followers and monks observe precepts to guide their behavior. The Five Precepts for laypeople include:
- Not killing living beings
- Not stealing
- Not engaging in sexual misconduct
- Not lying
- Not taking intoxicants
These rules help practitioners live in harmony and cultivate compassion.
Shared Goals of Spiritual Practice
The Pursuit of Enlightenment
Both Mahayana and Theravada aim for enlightenment, which is freedom from suffering. Although their descriptions of enlightenment may differ, the goal is to end the cycle of birth and death (samsara) and achieve liberation (Nirvana).
Compassion and Wisdom
Both schools teach the importance of developing compassion and wisdom. These qualities help practitioners to overcome selfish desires and to help others on the path to enlightenment.
Historical Roots and Origins
Common Beginning in Early Buddhism
Both Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism trace back to the original teachings of the Buddha over 2,500 years ago. Theravada Buddhism origin is rooted in the oldest surviving Buddhist scriptures known as the Pali Canon. Mahayana developed later, around the 1st century CE, as a movement within Buddhism emphasizing new teachings.
Preservation of Early Teachings
Theravada is often called the “Teaching of the Elders,” because it preserves early Buddhist texts closely. Mahayana, while adding new sutras and ideas, still respects the original teachings. This shared respect for the Buddha’s words is a key similarity.
Similar Roles of Monastic Life
Monks and Nuns in Both Traditions
Both traditions have monastic communities. Monks and nuns dedicate their lives to studying, practicing, and teaching the Dharma. They follow strict codes of conduct and live simply to focus on spiritual growth.
Lay Followers and Their Support
In both Mahayana and Theravada, laypeople support the monastic community through donations and participation in ceremonies. This creates a close bond between monks and lay practitioners, which is essential for the survival of Buddhism.
Shared Use of Buddhist Scriptures
The Pali Canon and Sutras
Theravada mainly uses the Pali Canon, a collection of scriptures written in the ancient Pali language. Mahayana uses many sutras, some of which overlap with the Pali Canon but also include new texts. Both traditions use these scriptures to guide their practice and beliefs.
The Role of Chanting and Recitation
Both Mahayana and Theravada include chanting and reciting scriptures as part of their rituals. This helps followers remember teachings and connect deeply with the Dharma.
Similarities in Festivals and Rituals
Celebrating Buddha’s Life
Both traditions celebrate key Buddhist festivals such as Vesak, which honors the birth, enlightenment, and passing of the Buddha. These festivals are times for reflection, merit-making, and community gathering.
Rituals for Merit and Blessings
Rituals such as offering food to monks, lighting lamps, and making donations are common in both Mahayana and Theravada. These acts generate merit, which helps spiritual progress and improves future lives.
Conclusion
While Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism have differences in teachings, practices, and emphasis, their similarities are strong and clear. Both follow the Buddha’s core teachings, share the goal of ending suffering, and value ethical conduct, meditation, and compassion.
Understanding these similarities helps us see that Buddhism, despite its diversity, remains a unified path towards peace and wisdom.
